Warnings Related Publications

Warnings, Safety Instructions, Human Factors, and Ergonomics Publications







James Miller & Mark Lehto have coauthored four books on the topic of warnings, instructions, and labeling. Their first book, Warnings: Volume 1: Fundamentals, Design and Evaluation Methodologies, may have been the first scholarly book totally devoted to the topic of warnings. A complimentary searchable form of this book is available here. In addition, Dr. Lehto was the original author of the 2007 edition of Introduction to Human Factors & Ergonomics for Engineers, a textbook used in college classrooms across the country. The revised edition was issued in 2012.

There are five books and two doctoral dissertations which have been written by current or recent Miller Engineering Staff. The latest book is the most famous one which is often quoted and which we are most often asked to provide comment or testimony on. The books listed here are available through Fuller Technical Publishing, 734-662-9953; FAX 734-747-9712.



  • Lehto, M.R. and Miller, J.M. (1986). Warnings: Volume 1: Fundamentals, Design and Evaluation Methodologies, Ann Arbor, MI: Fuller Technical Publishing.
  • Miller, J.M., Lehto, M.R. and Frantz, J.P. (November, 1994). Warnings and Safety Instructions: Annotated and Indexed, Ann Arbor, MI: Fuller Technical Publications.
  • Miller, J.M., Lehto, M.R. and Frantz, J.P. (1990). Instructions and Warnings: The Annotated Bibliography, Ann Arbor, MI: Fuller Technical Publications.
  • Lehto, M.R. (1990). Warnings and Instructions: The Electronic Hyper-Text, (electronic version of Instructions and Warnings: The Annotated Bibliography), Fuller Technical Publications, Ann Arbor, MI, 1.2 MegaBytes.
  • Clark, D.R. (1988). Model for the Analysis, Representation and Synthesis of Hazard Warning Communications (Ph.D. dissertation), University of Michigan.
  • Miller, J.M. and Lehto, M.R. (1987). Warnings: Volume 2: An Annotated Bibliography, Ann Arbor, MI: Fuller Technical Publishing.
  • Miller, J.M. (1982). “The Management of Occupational Engineering,” Handbook of Industrial Engineering, John Wiley.
  • Lehto, M.R., with Weiss, S.W., Boggs, G., Shodja, S. and Martin, D.J., “Computer System Response Time and Psychophysiological Stress II,” Proceedings of the Human Factors Society – 26th Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, October 25-29, 1982, pp. 698-702.
  • Foley, J.P. and Lehto, M.R., “Models of Memory: Implications for Knowledge Acquisition,” in Designing and Using Human-Computer Interfaces and Knowledge Based Systems, Salvendy, G. and Smith, M.J. (eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989, pp. 813-821.
  • Lehto, M.R. and Clark, D.R., “Warning Signs and Labels in the Workplace,” in Workspace, Equipment and Tool Design, Karwowski, W. and Mital, A. (eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990, pp. 303-344.
  • Lehto, M.R., Boose, J., Sharit, J. and Salvendy, G. “Knowledge Acquisition,” Chapter 58 in Handbook of Industrial Engineering, second edition, Salvendy, G. (ed), John Wiley, NY, 1992, pp. 1495-1545.
  • Lehto, M.R. and Foley, J.P., “Physical Aspects of Car Design: Occupant Protection,” Chapter 7 in Automotive Ergonomics, Peacock, B. and Karwowski, W. (eds), Taylor and Francis, 1993, pp. 141-160.
  • Lehto, M.R., Zhu, W. and Carpenter, B., “The Relative Effectiveness of Hypertext and Text,” in Human-Computer Interaction: Software and Hardware Interfaces, Salvendy, G. and Smith, M.J. (eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 181-186.
  • Lehto, M.R. and Miller, J.M. (2007). “Principles of Prevention: Safety Information,” in Chapter 56, Accident Prevention, ILO Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, fourth edition, Stellman, J.M. (ed), International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 56.33-56.38.
  • Miller, J.M. and Lehto, M.R. (2000). Warnings and Safety Instructions: The Annotated Bibliography, (4th edition of Warnings Volume II. An Annotated Bibliography), Fuller Technical Publications, Ann Arbor, MI, 486 pages.
  • Lehto, M.R. (1996). “Industrial Health and Safety,” McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Lehto, M.R., “Decision Making” Chapter 37 in Handbook of Human Factors & Ergonomics, second edition Salvendy, G. (ed), John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1997, pp. TBA.
  • Lehto, M.R. and Clark, D.R. (1999). “Reliability, Maintenance, and Safety of Robots,” Chapter 37 in Handbook of Industrial Robotics, second edition Nof, S. (ed), John Wiley & Sons, NY, pp. 717-754.
  • Lehto, M.R., Clark, D.R., and Benysh, S.A.H. (1999). “Design of Industrial Warnings,” in The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook, Chapter 40 in The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook, Karwowski, W. and Marras, W.S. (eds), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 707-740.
  • Lehto, M.R. (1999). “Guidelines for Designing Warning Signs and Warning Labels,” in Industrial & Occupational Ergonomics: User’s Encyclopedia, Moh Ayoub, M., Kumar, S., Landau, K.and Wang, L. (eds).
  • Lehto, M.R., Frantz, J.P., and Rhoades, T.P. (1999). “Practical Considerations Regarding the Design and Evaluation of Product Warnings,” Chapter 13 in Warnings and Risk Communication, Wogalter, M.S., DeJoy, D.M., and Laughery, K. (eds), Taylor and Francis, pp. 291-312.
  • Lehto, M.R. and Clark, D.R. (2000). “Warning Signs and Labels,” in International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Karwowski, W. (co-ed), Taylor and Francis.
  • Lehto, M.R. (2001). “Decision Making Models,” Chapter 84 in Handbook of Industrial Engineering, Technology, and Operations Management, third edition, Salvendy, G. (ed), John Wiley, NY, pp. 2172-2223.
  • Lehto, M.R. and Nah, H. (2006). “Decision Making and Decision Support,” Chapter 8, Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, third edition, Salvendy, G. (ed), John Wiley, NY, pp. 191-242.
  • Lehto, M.R. (2006). “Human Factors Models,” Chapter 6 in Handbook of Warnings, Wogalter, M. S. (ed), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ, pp. 63-87.
  • Miller, J.M. (2006). “Standards Reference Bibliography Chapter” in Handbook of Warnings, Michael, Wogalter, ed., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Lehto, M.R. (2006). “Optimal Warnings: An Information and Decision Theoretic Perspective,” Chapter 7 in Handbook of Warnings, Wogalter, M. S. (ed), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ, pp. 89-108.
  • Miller, J.M. (2007). “Hazard Communication Compliance”, in Safety Engineering Handbook, American Society of Safety Engineers.
  • Lehto, M.R. and Buck, J.R. (2007). An Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics for Engineers, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ, in print, 878 pages.
  • Lehto, M.R., Lin, S., and Garett, S. (2007). An Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics for Engineers: Instructors Manual, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ, in print, 147 pages.
  • Lehto, M.R. and Noorinaeini, A. (2007). “Mathematical Models of Human Text Classification,” in Handbook of Digital Human Modeling for Human Factors and Ergonomics, Duffy, V. G. (ed), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ, in press.
  • Lehto, M.R., Textminer Reference Manual, Consumer Research, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI.